🔓Introduction to cyberspace🔑
Learning Outcomes:
1. Know the evolution of the Internet
2. Explain the working of the Internet
3. Define Domain Name System
4. Explain Addressing Scheme in the Internet
5. Know the difference Versions of IP
6. Know the working of an ISP
7. Differentiate www with the Internet
In early 1960 is a great potential value of allowing computers to share the information on research and development in scientific and military fields. MIT first proposed to the global network After it moved over to Defense Advanced Research projects Agency(DARPA) to develop it. UCLA develop the theory of packet switching it was the basis of Internet connections, Again MIT has connected the Massachusetts computer to the California computer via the dial-up telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of a wide-area network but this switching packet circuit was inadequate. Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed. After DARPA moved over to developed his plan for ARPANET
After the Internet known as ARPANET was brought online in 1969 under the contract. let the company renamed Advanced Research Project Agency(ARPA) which connected the four major computers at universities in the US. The internet was designed to provide a communications network that would even some of the websites were down. If direct routes are not available, routers would direct traffic around the network via alternate routes, Early computers were used by the computer experts, scientists, Engineers, and librarians, there were no friendly about it. There were no home or office computers for anyone who uses it, whether a computer professional, scientists, Engineers, and librarians had to learn to use a very complex system.
The email was adopted the ARPANET in 1972, He picked @ symbol from the available symbols on his teletype to link address and username. The telnet protocol, enabling logging on to a remote computer was published as a request for comments (RFC).RFC means sharing development work throughout the community. An FTP means that used to share files between websites in 1973, and from then RFCs were available electronically to anyone who had use of the FTP protocol.
Telnet
Libraries began automating and networking their catalogs in the late 1960's independent from ARPA. After many regional companies form national and international networks. The automated catalog, it's not user-friendly at first, became available through the web, first through the Telnet or the IBM and only many years later through the web. The internet matured in the 1970s as a result of TCP/IP by Bob Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and vent Cerf and others throughout. It was adopted by the Defence Department in the 1980s replacing the Network Control Protocol (NCP) after its universally adopted.
The Unix to Unix copy protocol (UUCP) was invented in 1978 at Bell labs. Usenet was started in 1979 basics of UUCP, The newgroups which are discussion groups focusing on a topic, followed and providing the means of exchanging information throughout the world, While Usenet is not considered as a part of the internet, since it does not share the TCP/IP, it linked Unix Systems around the world many internet sites took advantages of availability of newgroups. Similarly, BITNET(because it's time network) was connected to IBM around the educational community and the world to provides the mail services. Listserv S/W was developed first in this network later others. Gateways have developed the BITNET to connect with the internet to allowed to exchange of email discussions. These Listserv's and other major email discussion lists to create a major element in the community building that was taking place.
In 1986, the National science foundation-funded(NSFF) as a cross country 56 kbps backbone for the internet. They maintained their sponsorship for nearly a decade. setting rules for its non-commercial government and research use. As the commands of TCP, Email, Telnet was standardized. it became easier to use non-technical people to learn to use, it was not easy as today's standards by any means, but it did open up the internet to use many people in universities. librarians, physicist, Engineers to make good use of nets to share the files and resources around their colleagues.
The development in 1993 of the graphical browser mosiac by Marc Andresson and his team at the supercomputer applications, gave a protocol it was a big boost and after produced a most successful graphical browser and server until Microsoft war and developed its Microsoft internet explorer.
Since the internet was initially funded by the government. It was originally limited to research education and government uses, Commercial uses were prohibited unless they directly served the goals of education and research. The policy continued until the early 1990s when independent commercial networks to grow, Then it became possible to route traffic across the country from one commercial site to another without passing through government-funded NSFnet internet backbone. Delphi was the first national commercial online service to offer's the internet to its subscribers. It opened up an email connection early in July 1992 and a full internet service in November 1992. All pretenses of limitations on the commercial was disappeared in May 1995 when the National Science Foundation has ended its sponsorship with the internet backbone, and all traffic relied on commercial networks.AOD, Prodigy, and CompuServe came online. Since commercial usage was so widespread by this time and educational institutions had been paying their own way for some time. The loss of NSF funding had no appreciable cost. Today NSF has moved beyond supporting the backbone and higher educational institutions to building K-12 and local public library accesses, on the one hand, the research on the massive high volume connections on others.
During the period of enormous growth. Businesses entering the internet arena to find economic models that work. Free services supported by advertising shifted from some of the direct costs away from consumer-temporarily. Services offered such as websites, chat rooms, and the message broads to building communities. Online sales are rapidly grown for products that are music, CDs, computer, and books, but the profit margins are slim when the prison comparison is so easy and public online security is still shaky. Business models that have worked well for portal sites try to provide everything to everyone and live auctions. The stock market has had a rocky ride, Swooping up and down new tech companies and dot.com encountered good and bad news. The decline in advertising income spelled doom for many dot.coms.The companies shakeout for models.
In current trends with major implications for the future to the growth of high-speed connections.56k modems and providers who supported them spread widely for a while, but this is the end now.56K modems are not enough to carry multimedia, sounds, and video except in low quality. But new technologies come faster, such as cable modems and digital subscriber line(DSL) is predominant now. Wireless has grown rapidly in a few years, and travelers search for "wi-fi" and"hotspots" where they can connect while they away from home and office. some cafeteria and hotels provide these services for free and some free. The next big growth of area to surge towards universal wire-less access, where almost so many "hotspots" there. Municipal wi-fi or city-wide access, WiMAX offering broader ranges than wi-fi, EV-DO, 4G, LTE, and the other format will joust for dominance in the USA in the years ahead. The battle both economic and political.
Another trend that is rapidly affecting web designers is the growth of small devices can be connected to the internet such as mobile, PCs, and GPS, and many web pages are not developed on that scale. As the internet has become ubiquitous, faster, and accessing the non-technical people to share their interests.sites like Facebook, Linkedin, youtube, Wikis and many more let people share their knowledge with others.
Note: Omit the Grammar Mistakes...
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