ADDRESSING SCHEME
Intro:
An IP address(Internet Protocol) is a numerical assigned value. The value is assigning for each device that is connected to the network (ex: computer, printer) to identify and communicate with each other without error. An IP address has divided into two subcategories that are host or network interface and location addressing. An address indicates where it is, and a route indicates how to get that.
IP Versions :
The IP Address is used in two versions. There are IPv4 and Ipv6. the reason for these versions is, there are so many devices connected to the internet so IPv4 can't manage those devices, so IPv6 was discovered, but still, the IP address refers to IPv4. The gap between IPv4 and IPv6 is the assignment of number 5 for the project of internet streaming. but it doesn't refer to IPv5.
IPv4 Address:
An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits. The address limit is 4294967296 (2^32) different unique addresses. It represents the bits as (octets) the private networks have (7 million addresses) and multicast addresses are (237 million) and it differentiates with .dot to separate by 8-bit octets. Its ranges are 0 to 255. Each ranging are 0 to 255 ex: 127.32.45.21 each range represents a group of 8-bit address. In some cases, it represents binary, hexadecimal, and octets.
Subnetting:
In the early development of networks, network administrators have interpreted the IP in two parts. one is the network portion and another is the host portion. The most significant 8-bit in the IP address is placed on the network number and the rest of the bits are the host identifier. were it used for host numbering within a network. After this early method proved it was inadequate in the additional independent network in the existing network that was designed by number network, the internet addressing specifications revises with the invention of the classful architectural networks.
Classful network design allowed for a larger number of networks and a fine-grained subnetwork system. The first three bits of an IP address is used to divide the class into three types(A, B, C) in IP address. These three classes are used for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the class derived network identification was based on octet boundary segment the entire network. Each class successfully added an octet thus reduce the possibility of hosts in higher class (A, B, C).
Classful network design served its purpose in the starting stage but it had lacked after the rapid expansion of networks in 1990. The classful system was replaced by classless inter-domain routing(CIDR). CIDR is based on (variable-length subnet-mask) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary length-prefixes. Today, the classful network function has less scope on its software, and hardware (ex: netmask) it had been discussed by the administrators of the network.
Private Networks:
Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity envisioned to all hosts over the network intended that IP address must be uniquely assigned to computer or device. However, we don't envision the private IP addresses as always necessary for the devices so, we must protect the public addresses. Computers not connected to the internet. such as factory machines that only communicate with each other via TCP/IP. so it does not need unique IP addresses. Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses were reserved by RFC in 1918. These addresses were not routed by the internet so no need to coordinate of IP addresses registry.
Today, when needed, such private networks connected to the internet by the method of NAT (Network Address Translation). Designers of the Internet Protocol defined the IP addresses at 32 bit for systems it is still in use. But the depletion of IP addresses of the day to day on the internet is increasing because of the growth of the internet. so IPv4 addresses were developed in 1990. It has 128 bits for the address and it standardized by RFC 1998. and its deployment has been ongoing since 2000.IP addresses are usually representing in human-readable such as 172.92.78.22 (IPv4) and ff32:hh2:0:2001:0:81:1:hf11(IPv6).The Internet Assigned Number Organisation has been managing the addresses for five internet registries the block of IP addresses and also for the local Internet Registries and other entities.
Comments